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Amaterasu-Omikami(あまてらすおおみかみ)

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Basic Description

Amaterasu-Omikami is the sun goddess appearing in the *Kojiki* (712) and *Nihon Shoki* (720). She is the eldest of the Three Precious Children, born from the left eye of her father, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, when he performed a purification ritual (misogi) at Ahakihara to cleanse himself of the impurities of the underworld (Yomi). In the *Kojiki*, her name is written as "Amaterasu-Omikami" (天照大御神 / 天照大神); in the *Nihon Shoki*, she is referred to as "Sun Goddess," "Ohohirume-no-Muchi," and "Amaterasu-Omikami." The divine name chanted by Shinto priests before the altar at Ise Jingu is "Amaterashimasu-Sume-Okami." Entrusted by her father with the rule of Takamagahara (the High Plain of Heaven), she was enraged by the violent acts of her younger brother Susanoo-no-Mikoto in Takamagahara and hid in the Heavenly Rock Cave (Amano-Iwato), plunging the world into darkness. This "Hiding in the Rock Cave" episode is one of the greatest stories in Japanese mythology. After being lured out of the cave by the wisdom and dances of the eight million gods, she bestowed the Three Sacred Treasures (the Yata no Kagami mirror, the Yasakani no Magatama jewel, and the Kusanagi sword) upon her grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto, sending him down to govern Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni (the Central Land of Reed Plains). Thus, she became the ancestral deity of Emperor Jimmu and the successive imperial lineage. With her primary enshrinement at the Inner Shrine of Ise Jingu (Kotaijingu), she has been revered as Japan's supreme deity from ancient times to the present.

Folklore & Legends

Born from the Left Eye ── Eldest of the Three Precious Children. According to the first volume of the *Kojiki*, when Izanagi purified himself at Ahakihara in Tsukushi-Himuka from the defilement of Yomi, Amaterasu-Omikami was born as he washed his left eye. Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto was born from his right eye, and Takehaya-Susanoo-no-Mikoto from his nose; these three were called the Three Precious Children (Mihashira-no-Uzumiko). Father Izanagi entrusted them with ruling three realms: Amaterasu with Takamagahara, Tsukuyomi with the Realm of Night, and Susanoo with the Sea Plain. Amaterasu was positioned as the supreme deity of ancient Japanese cosmology, presiding over the sun, light, and the day.

The Oath with Susanoo and Hiding in the Rock Cave. Right before being banished for yearning after his deceased mother Izanami, Susanoo ascended to Takamagahara to bid farewell to his sister. Amaterasu, suspecting he had come to usurp her realm, met him fully armed. To prove he had "no evil intentions," Susanoo proposed an oath (ukehi), a divination where they would produce deities from each other's sacred items. Five male gods (including Ame-no-Oshihomimi) were born from Amaterasu's jewels, and three goddesses (the Munakata Goddesses) were born from Susanoo's Totsuka sword. Empowered by his victory in this oath, Susanoo wreaked havoc in Takamagahara—destroying rice paddy ridges, spreading feces in the palace, and throwing a flayed horse into the weaving hall. The resulting death of a weaving maiden caused Amaterasu to shut herself in the Heavenly Rock Cave (Ame-no-Iwaya), plunging the world into darkness. The eight million gods held a grand banquet before the cave, utilizing Ame-no-Uzume's kagura dance, evergreen trees from Mount Amanokagu, the Yata mirror, and jewels to lure Amaterasu out. This is the "Hiding in the Rock Cave" tale, the paramount episode in Japanese mythology, containing the core narratives of the sun's disappearance and rebirth, the origin of kagura, and the archetype of Shinto rituals.

Descent of the Heavenly Grandson and the Three Sacred Treasures. When entrusting the rule of Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni to her grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto, Amaterasu bestowed the Three Sacred Treasures and commanded his descent ── the Yata no Kagami (the eight-span mirror, representing her own spirit), the Yasakani no Magatama (the comma-shaped jewel), and the Kusanagi no Tachi (the sword of the great serpent presented by Susanoo). She sent down the Yata mirror with the divine decree: "Revere this as my own spirit," which would later become the object of worship at Ise Jingu's Inner Shrine. The descent of the heavenly grandson is the greatest episode of "the transfer of rule from heaven to earth" in Japanese mythology, establishing the narrative framework for the ancient imperial lineage from Ninigi to Emperor Jimmu over five generations.

Establishment of the Inner Shrine of Ise Jingu. Amaterasu-Omikami was initially enshrined within the imperial palace, but during the reign of Emperor Sujin, the weight of worshipping her there became too great. Yamatohime-no-Mikoto, acting as a divine representative, carried the Yata mirror through various provinces until the sanctuary was finally established along the Isuzu River in Ise during the 25th year of Emperor Suinin's reign (approx. 2000 years ago). This is the origin of the Inner Shrine (Kotaijingu) of Ise Jingu, which became the eternal sacred site worshipping Japan's supreme deity as "Amaterashimasu-Sume-Okami." The object of worship in the Inner Shrine remains the Yata mirror, and the tradition of Shikinen Sengu (rebuilding the shrines every 20 years, continuing since the 4th year of Empress Jito / 690 CE) keeps the sanctuary perpetually renewed. As the core of Ise Shinto and the pinnacle of all Japanese Shinto, Ise Jingu lies at the root of religious life from ancient times to today.

Academic Research by Akihide Mishina, Takeshi Matsumae, and Shinobu Orikuchi. In the Edo period, Norinaga Motoori's *Kojiki-den* (completed in 1798) viewed Amaterasu-Omikami as "the actual sun itself," rejecting rationalized interpretations stemming from "Chinese minds" (Karagokoro). Post-war, Shinobu Orikuchi interpreted the original meaning of "Ohohirume" as "Sun Wife" (Hime), deducing it referred to a miko or saio (shrine maiden). Takeshi Matsumae proposed the male deity theory: "The archetype of Amaterasu was various male sun gods (Amateru deities) across regions, who were later feminized," which became the center of post-war mythological debate. Akihide Mishina also raised similar points in his comparative mythological research. The peculiarity of a "female sun god" in Japanese mythology remains a core issue in comparative mythology for deciphering the links between women, kingship, religion, and agriculture in ancient Japan.

Rebirth in Modern Culture. In post-war Japanese subculture, Amaterasu-Omikami has been repeatedly reimagined. In Capcom's game *Okami* (2006), the unique design portraying the sun god Amaterasu as a white wolf was highly acclaimed. The "Sun Breathing" in the manga *Demon Slayer* is interpreted as a motif inheriting Amaterasu's solar attributes and status as the strongest deity in Japanese myth. She frequently appears in anime like *Fate/Grand Order*, *Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan*, *Touhou Project*, and *Record of Ragnarok*. She is a symbolic presence of ancient mythology that continues to exert a sustained influence on the religion, politics, and culture of the Japanese people from ancient times to the modern era.

Detailed Analysis

日の神の誕生は一つではない

『古事記』の天照大御神は、伊邪那岐命が禊で左の目を洗った時に生まれ、月読命、須佐之男命とともに三貴子とされる。[5]『日本書紀』本文では、伊弉諾尊と伊弉冉尊が日の神を生み、その光が世界を照らしたため天上へ送る。名は大日孁貴である。同書の一書には鏡から生まれる話と、伊弉諾尊の左目から生まれる話もある。[6]天照大御神の来歴は、最初から複数の神話が並び立つ形で伝えられてきた。

武装して弟を迎えた姉神

須佐之男命が高天原へ上ると、天照大御神は善意の訪問とは考えず、国を奪う意図を警戒した。髪を男性の髻のように結い、勾玉を巻き、弓矢を持ち、大地を踏み抜くほどの勢いで待ち受ける。二神は誓約を行い、剣と勾玉から子神を成して真意を確かめた。[7]この場面の天照大御神は、穏やかな慈母という一面だけでは捉えられない。領域と秩序を守り、来訪者へ証しを求める統治者である。

神衣の場と天石屋戸

須佐之男命は田や祭殿を荒らし、神衣を織る建物へ逆剥ぎの馬を投げ入れた。『古事記』では服織女が死に、『日本書紀』本文では天照大神が神衣を織っていて負傷し、一書では稚日女尊が死ぬ。[8][6]誰が織り、誰が傷ついたかは資料ごとに違う。その後、天照大御神が天石屋戸へ隠れると世界は暗くなり、災いが起こる。洞窟への退去は、田、祭、衣を支える秩序が破壊された結果として描かれている。

光を戻した神々の協働

八百万の神々は思金神の案をもとに、鏡、勾玉、榊、布、祝詞、長鳴鳥、舞を用意した。天宇受売命の舞で神々が笑うと、天照大御神は外が明るい理由を尋ねて戸を開く。鏡に映る輝く神を示され、さらに身を乗り出したところを天手力男神が外へ導いた。[8]一柱の英雄が救うのではなく、考える者、作る者、祈る者、舞う者、力を出す者がそれぞれの役目を果たして光を取り戻す。

洞窟口の光の中に現れる天照大御神と、前景で舞う天宇受売命、楽器と祭具を持つ神々を描いた縦長画面。
幸野楳嶺《天照大御神を岩戸から誘い出す場面》右幅
幸野楳嶺の二幅対右幅。洞窟口の光の中に天照大御神が現れ、前景では天宇受売命が舞う。
Kōno Bairei, late 19th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Public Domain.

幸野楳嶺の二幅対右幅では、洞窟口の光の中に天照大御神が小さく現れ、前景で天宇受売命が舞う。[9]天照を単独の肖像として大きく描くのではなく、舞、音楽、祭具、群神を含む協働の場面として構成した明治期の作例である。

天石屋戸の場面を描く三枚続の左画面。八百万の神々、舞、楽器、洞窟の光景が横方向へ続く。
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》左図
天石屋戸の場面を描く三枚続の中央画面。八百万の神々、舞、楽器、洞窟の光景が横方向へ続く。
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》中図
天石屋戸の場面を描く三枚続の右画面。八百万の神々、舞、楽器、洞窟の光景が横方向へ続く。
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》右図
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》左図: 春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》三枚続の左画面。左196440・中196439・右196438の順で見る。
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》中図: 春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》三枚続の中央画面。左196440・中196439・右196438の順で見る。
春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》右図: 春斎年昌《岩戸開きの起源》三枚続の右画面。左196440・中196439・右196438の順で見る。
Shunsai Toshimasa, Origin of the cave door dance, 1889, MAK – Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, inventory 196440.
Shunsai Toshimasa, Origin of the cave door dance, 1889, MAK – Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, inventory 196439.
Shunsai Toshimasa, Origin of the cave door dance, 1889, MAK – Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, inventory 196438.

春斎年昌の1889年三枚続も、前景の舞手は天宇受売命、洞窟奥の光の中の女性が天照大御神、戸口の力持ちが天手力男神である。[10]三枚を左・中・右の正しい配置で見ると、後世の絵師が岩戸開きを一人の神の登場ではなく、群像劇として表したことが分かる。

鏡・皇孫・稲穂

天孫降臨で、天照大御神は高木神とともに邇邇芸命を葦原中国へ遣わす。『古事記』では八尺瓊勾玉、鏡、草薙剣を授け、鏡を自らの御魂として祭るよう命じる。[11]『日本書紀』の一書には、皇孫の国の永続を述べる命、鏡を同じ殿に祭る命、斎庭の稲穂を授ける命が伝わる。[12]これらは後世に一組の神勅として理解されてきたが、古典では別々の異伝に属する。伊勢の御神体とされる鏡は公開されず、外部から形状や年代を確かめることはできない。

伊勢と斎王

『日本書紀』は、豊鍬入姫命が宮中の天照大神を笠縫邑に祭り、倭姫命が鎮座地を求めて伊勢の五十鈴川上に祭ったと伝える。[13]この由緒は長く尊重されてきたが、伝承紀年を西暦へ換算して確定した創建年とはできない。制度としての斎王は天武朝の大来皇女から明瞭になり、未婚の皇族女性が伊勢の祭祀に奉仕した。斎宮跡は、この制度を考古学的にたどれる現実の遺跡である。[14]

神宮で続く食・衣・遷宮

皇大神宮では、新穀を奉る神嘗祭外宮から朝夕二度の食事を奉る日別朝夕大御饌祭絹と麻の神衣を奉る神御衣祭が行われる。神田、御園、御塩浜では祭祀に用いる米、野菜、果物、塩が作られる。式年遷宮では原則二十年ごとに正殿、装束、神宝を新たにし、祭祀と技術を次代へ伝える。二十年という周期の理由は古文書に明記されず、複数の説がある。第63回の諸祭は2025年に始まり、2033年秋の遷御が予定されている

中世から現代へ

中世には天照大神を大日如来と重ねる神仏習合説や、外宮を重視する伊勢神道が発達した近世には御師、伊勢講、参宮を通じて信仰が広がり、国学者は記紀を読み直した明治以後は神宮が国家祭祀の中心に置かれ、天照大御神は皇祖神として国民統合と結びついた戦後、国家による神道の管理は廃止され、神宮は宗教法人として再出発した。現在の信仰上の位置づけ、古代神話、祭祀制度、各時代の思想は互いに関係するが、同じ一つの時代の事実ではない。天照大御神の像は、それらが長い時間の中で重なって形成されてきた。

Character Profile

This section is our own creative profile for storytelling. It is not historical fact or scholarship.

Yokai Type
Kami
Rarity
Divine
Personality
Radiant and benevolent, yet possessing a strict sense of order. She feels a strong responsibility as a ruler but has an overly sensitive and emotionally intense side that leads her to shut herself away when deeply hurt.
Compatibility
Highly compatible with those who respect order and have bright, sincere hearts. Clashes with those who are chaotic, rule-breaking, or overly aggressive.
Abilities
Governance of sunlight, the day, and agricultural cyclesSupreme rule of Takamagahara (the heavenly world)Possession and bestowal of the Yata Mirror, Yasakani Jewel, and Kusanagi SwordOath with younger brother Susanoo, generation of five male and three female deitiesSeclusion in the Heavenly Rock Cave (sun disappearance) and the darkening of the worldCommanding grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto's heavenly descent and establishing the ancient imperial lineageInheritance of rituals at Ise Jingu's Inner Shrine for over two millenniaModern symbolism spanning State Shinto, personal faith, and subculture
Weaknesses
Overly sensitive reaction to her brother Susanoo's violent acts (the sensitivity of shutting herself in the cave upon the weaving maiden's death), the limits of an ancient ruler who plunged the world into darkness out of her own emotions, political utilization in pre-war State Shinto (and the history of post-war re-evaluation and depoliticization)
Habitat
Ise City, Mie Prefecture - Ise Jingu Inner Shrine (Kotaijingu); Izawa-no-Miya; Takihara-no-Miya; Takachiho, Miyazaki Prefecture - Amano-Iwato Shrine; Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture - Kono Shrine (Moto-Ise); Amaterasu-affiliated and Jingu-affiliated shrines nationwide, households enshrining Jingu Taima; Japanese state rituals, personal faith, and subcultural spaces from ancient to modern times

Sources & References

18
  1. 『古事記』「みそぎ②」「三貴子の分治」太安万侶撰(國學院大學古事記学センター, 和銅5年(712)成立) [古典本文・大学校訂]Notes: 「三貴子の分治」への深リンクも同センター内で照合。
  2. 『日本書紀』神代巻上舎人親王ら撰(京都大学附属図書館, 養老4年(720)成立) [古典籍画像・一次資料]
  3. 『古事記』「うけひ」太安万侶撰(國學院大學古事記学センター, 和銅5年(712)成立) [古典本文・大学校訂]
  4. 『古事記』「天の石屋①〜③」太安万侶撰(國學院大學古事記学センター, 和銅5年(712)成立) [古典本文・大学校訂]Notes: 「天の石屋①」から③までを同センター内で照合。
  5. 幸野楳嶺《Luring the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Out of a Cave with Music》二幅対右幅幸野楳嶺(The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 19世紀後半) [美術館所蔵作品]
  6. 春斎年昌《Origin of the cave door dance》三枚続春斎年昌(MAK – Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, 1889年) [美術館所蔵作品]Notes: 三枚続は左196440・中196439・右196438の順。
  7. 『古事記』「天孫降臨①〜②」太安万侶撰(國學院大學古事記学センター, 和銅5年(712)成立) [古典本文・大学校訂]Notes: 「天孫降臨①」と②を同センター内で照合。
  8. 『日本書紀』神代巻下舎人親王ら撰(京都大学附属図書館, 養老4年(720)成立) [古典籍画像・一次資料]
  9. 『日本書紀』崇神・垂仁天皇紀舎人親王ら撰(日本書紀全文検索, 養老4年(720)成立) [古典本文・検索補助]Notes: 崇神天皇紀と垂仁天皇紀を照合。検索補助用の翻刻であり、公的校訂版としては扱わない。
  10. 三重県立斎宮歴史博物館「斎王・斎宮年表」斎宮歴史博物館(三重県, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [公立博物館資料] Reference
  11. 神宮「神嘗祭」神宮司庁(神宮, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [祭祀主体による公式資料] Reference
  12. 神宮「日別朝夕大御饌祭」神宮司庁(神宮, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [祭祀主体による公式資料] Reference
  13. 神宮「神御衣祭」神宮司庁(神宮, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [祭祀主体による公式資料] Reference
  14. 神宮「式年遷宮とは/第63回神宮式年遷宮」神宮司庁(神宮, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [祭祀主体による公式資料] ReferenceNotes: 「式年遷宮とは」と第63回の諸祭・日程ページも神宮公式内で照合。
  15. 國學院大學「伊勢神道」國學院大學(國學院大學デジタルミュージアム, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [大学学術事典] Reference
  16. 國學院大學「伊勢信仰」國學院大學(國學院大學デジタルミュージアム, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [大学学術事典] Reference
  17. 國學院大學「State Shintō」國學院大學(國學院大學デジタルミュージアム, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [大学学術事典] Reference
  18. アジア歴史資料センター「神道指令」アジア歴史資料センター(国立公文書館, 現行(2026年8月確認)) [公的歴史資料解説] Reference

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