Basic Description

The *Enkou* is a dialect name for the *kappa* primarily used in the Nanyo region of Ehime Prefecture, as well as western Shikoku and the western Chugoku region. Unlike the standard *kappa* image with a dish on its head and a shell on its back, as its name (literally 'monkey') suggests, it is characterized by a body completely covered in hair and a monkey-like appearance, and is said to run agilely along the water's edge[1]. In Ehime, besides *Enko* and *Enkou*, it is also called *Oso*, a name thought to originate from the overlapping of the *kappa* image with the ecology of the Japanese river otter (*oso*), which swims swiftly along the waterside[2]. Dwelling in the deep pools of rivers, it comes ashore at night to play pranks on people, challenge them to sumo wrestling, exhibit a fondness for cucumbers, and drag children and horses into the water to extract their *shirikodama* (a mythical ball said to reside in the anus), fully inheriting the original nature of the *kappa*.

Folklore & Legends

In the Mima River of Mima-cho (formerly Mima-cho), Uwajima City, a legend remains that an *Enkou* lived in Mugiusubuchi in Motomune, where the river bends sharply. It is said to have challenged children to sumo, stolen and eaten cucumbers, dragged toddlers into the river to pull out their *shirikodama*, and even pulled horses underwater. In the end, it was caught by a monk from Mantoku-ji Temple, tied to a stone mortar, and is said to have reformed and stopped its mischief thereafter (from *Mima no Mukashibanashi*, Mima-cho Board of Education, 1982)[3]. This pool is close to Iyo-Miyanoshita Station (around present-day Futana Station) on the Yodo Line, and it is said to have been lost today. In the Sadamisaki Peninsula area of Nanyo, it is spoken of under the name *Oso*. In Kushi, Misaki-cho, the place name *Osogoe* (Oso's Crossing), where an *Oso* supposedly crossed the coast, remains, and in Anai, Yawatahama City, the 'Enkou Festival' has been held on the 5th day of the 4th lunar month as a type of *kappa* festival[2]. Many of these *Enkou* and *Oso* traditions are inextricably linked to the memories of the Japanese river otter, which inhabited the rivers of Nanyo until around the 1950s.

Detailed Analysis

The *Enkou* is a representative variant from the Nanyo region, illustrating how the entity known as the *kappa* was spoken of with different forms and names depending on the region. Neither the dish nor the shell is prominent; instead, emphasis is placed on its hairy, monkey-like body, agile swimming, and its habitat in the deep pools of rivers. This image is formed by overlapping with the ecology of an actual beast, the Japanese river otter (*oso*). The legend of Mima Mugiusubuchi features the standard elements of *kappa* tales, such as sumo, cucumbers, *shirikodama*, and horse-pulling, while possessing a localized ending where it is tied to a stone mortar by a monk from Mantoku-ji Temple and reforms. 'Osogoe' on the Sadamisaki Peninsula and the Enkou Festival in Yawatahama convey that this water monster still breathes within place names and annual events today.

Character Profile

This section is our own creative profile for storytelling. It is not historical fact or scholarship.

Category
Water Yokai
Rarity
Rare
Personality
Mischievous and hates to lose. Although a trickster who challenges others to sumo and begs for cucumbers, it also has a dutiful side, delivering fish every morning if it receives a favor.
Compatibility
水辺を畏れつつ親しむ漁村・川辺の人々と縁が深い。胡瓜を供える者には穏やか、淵を侮る者には牙をむく。
Abilities
Dragging victims underwaterExtracting the shirikodamaSuperhuman sumo strengthAgile swimming along the water's edge
Weaknesses
It can be appeased by offering cucumbers. It can be captured and subdued by monks or prayers. On land, it is said that its strength wanes if it loses its moisture.
Habitat
Deep pools of the Mima River, rivers and inlets of Nanyo, and the coast of the Sadamisaki Peninsula.

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Sources & References

3
  1. 猿猴 (えんこう)ピクシブ百科事典·ほか(中国·四国西部の河童系譜, 民俗 (近現代)) [事典]
  2. えひめの記憶 (河童·エンコウ·オソ伝承)愛媛県生涯学習センター(えひめの記憶 (生涯学習情報提供システム), 現行) [郷土資料]
  3. 三間のむかしばなし (麦臼渕の河童)三間町教育委員会(三間町教育委員会, 1982) [郷土資料]

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