This version explores why the Tenko is spoken of as “a yōkai yet near to a god,” and where it truly stands.

Of the four grades of fox, only the lowest — the Yako — appears before people in a body of flesh to bewitch them. The higher its rank, the more a fox becomes a formless, spiritual presence, and at the summit, the Tenko, it is described less by any shape than by its very workings: seeing for a thousand leagues, communing with the will of heaven. As Yanagita Kunio and Nakamura Teiri [6] have laid out, the Tenko is the utmost extreme of the senko, the spirit fox that has lived a thousand years and accumulated virtue. In neither deceiving people nor leading them astray, but watching over them from above, the Tenko stands at the opposite pole from the Yako.

It was this transcendence that drew the Tenko up into religious faith. Just as Dakiniten is attended by a white fox and Izuna Gongen rides one in the guise of a karasu-tengu, the highest fox is enshrined as a familiar of the gods and buddhas, or as a deity in its own right. The power to which warlords prayed for victory, and to which villagers pressed their palms in hope of fire prevention and good fortune, was in the end the power of this fox in communion with heaven.

One thing to be wary of is confusing Tenko with tengu. Because an old usage read “shooting star” as amatsu-kitsune, the two have long been mistaken for one another [5], yet the Tenko is, properly, a fox that has raised its spiritual rank to the utmost limit — a being of a wholly different lineage from the mountain-ascetic tengu.