Suzaku (Vermilion Bird)Suzaku, the Vermilion Bird, Guardian of the South

The key to reading Suzaku lies in its directional symbolism as "the fire bird of the south" and in its subtle distinction from the phoenix.

Its origin is in the stars of heaven. Chinese astronomy likened the chain of the seven southern mansions (Well, Ghost, Willow, Star, Extended Net, Wings, Chariot) to a bird form, and made this the Vermilion Bird. The Huainanzi's "Treatise on the Patterns of Heaven"^[1] makes the emperor of the south the Flame Emperor and its beast the Vermilion Bird, assigning it to Fire, summer, and the color vermilion. The "Vermilion Bird in front, Black Tortoise behind" of the Book of Rites' "Qu Li"^[2] and the southern-palace Vermilion Bird of the Records of the Grand Historian' "Treatise on the Celestial Offices"^[3] stand in the same system. The vermilion of Suzaku is the color of the Fire phase, figuring the blazing southern sky of summer.

The relationship between Suzaku and the phoenix requires care. Because their images and auspicious connotations closely resemble each other the two tend to be identified, but Suzaku belongs to the Four Symbols (of astronomical, directional origin) and the phoenix to the Four Auspicious Beasts (the numinous beasts alongside the qilin, the numinous tortoise, and the responding dragon)—they are numinous birds of originally different categories. Rather than declaring "Suzaku = phoenix," it is more accurate to grasp that they have been spoken of as overlapping because of their close resemblance.

In Japan, the notion of south = Suzaku was carved into the capital. The Suzaku Avenue and Suzaku Gate of Heian-kyō are its traces. As for surviving iconography, there were the Four Symbols murals of the Takamatsuzuka Tomb^[4], but the Suzaku of the southern wall was lost to grave-robbing, and four-direction completeness is limited to the Kitora Tomb^[5]. The fire bird of the south, so easily lost, still spreads its wings in the stone chamber of Asuka.

This yokai is included in the following collections:

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